Motivated Reasoning

     Thinking logically and sensibly, judging information, and justifying beliefs are all parts of reasoning, a mental process that leads us to see cause and effect and to distinguish between truth and falsehood.  We try to understand ourselves and our world.
     From birth on, we are persuaded to think a certain way.  Our parents and even generations of ancestors have presented us with both truth and opinions voiced as truth.  We tend to associate with like-minded friends and groups who reinforce our thinking.  Often our head is influenced by our heart; our reason is swayed by emotion which can color how "facts" are perceived.
     Sometimes, we are motivated toward reasoning that may be biased or false.  Our faulty reasoning may satisfy personal goals or contain some reward.  Instead of considering many points of view, people often seek out only information that confirms what they already believe.  They may have a strong emotional stake in conclusions already reached or may find it difficult to contradict family and friends. Self-delusion can feel good and at times motivate people to defend falsehoods.
     We need to analyze why people including ourselves are motivated to think the way they do.  Much of the reasoning may be true and the motivations may be pure.  In some cases, however, motivation may be influenced by emotion, bias, or self-serving goals.
     We also need to think about how we react to reasoning different than our own.  A good first step is to listen to the opposition, try to see if they have logical reasons for their beliefs, and detect their motivation.  After that, explain and defend your own reasoning.
     Effective reasoning uses logic and sound judgment without emotional interference.  Try to be aware of motivated reasoning in yourself and others.